Welcome to the Connellsville Canteen!
Connellsville has ties to some of the Concentration Camps that were in
Europe during WWII. Some of our
past citizens spent years in these
camps, fortunately, surviving and
coming home to tell their stories.
Some of our area veterans also
helped liberate some of the most
deadly camps that were in use during
that time, and came back with
photographs and stories of the horrible conditions that they found when providing medical treatment and releasing those people from the camps. We need to keep these stories alive. In Connellsville, we need to do our part so history does not repeat itself. This was one of the worst and most hateful wars of all time.
What were Concentration Camps?
Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany established about 20,000 camps to imprison its many millions of victims. These camps were used for a range of purposes including forced-labor camps, transit camps which served as temporary way stations, and killing centers built primarily or exclusively for mass murder. From its rise to power in 1933, the Nazi regime built a series of detention facilities to imprison and eliminate so-called "enemies of the state." Most prisoners in the early concentration camps were German Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, Roma (Gypsies), Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and persons accused of "asocial" or socially deviant behavior. These facilities were called “concentration camps” because those imprisoned there were physically “concentrated” in one location.
After Germany's annexation of Austria in March 1938, the Nazis arrested German and Austrian Jews and imprisoned them in the Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen concentration camps, all located in Germany. After the violent Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogroms in November 1938, the Nazis conducted mass arrests of adult male Jews and incarcerated them in camps for brief periods.
FORCED-LABOR AND PRISONER-OF-WAR CAMPS
Following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the Nazis opened forced-labor camps where thousands of prisoners died from exhaustion, starvation, and exposure. SS units guarded the camps. During World War II, the Nazi camp system expanded rapidly. In some camps, Nazi doctors performed medical experiments on prisoners.
Following the June 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Nazis increased the number of prisoner-of-war (POW) camps. Some new camps were built at existing concentration camp complexes (such as Auschwitz) in occupied Poland. The camp at Lublin, later known as Majdanek, was established in the autumn of 1941 as a POW camp and became a concentration camp in 1943. Thousands of Soviet POWs were shot or gassed there.
KILLING CENTERS
To facilitate the "Final Solution" (the genocide or mass destruction of the Jews), the Nazis established killing centers in Poland, the country with the largest Jewish population. The killing centers were designed for efficient mass murder. Chelmno, the first killing center, opened in December 1941. Jews and Roma were gassed in mobile gas vans there. In 1942, the Nazis opened the Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka killing centers to systematically murder the Jews of the Generalgouvernement (the territory in the interior of occupied Poland).
The Nazis constructed gas chambers (rooms that filled with poison gas to kill those inside) to increase killing efficiency and to make the process more impersonal for the perpetrators. At the Auschwitz camp complex, the Birkenau killing center had four gas chambers. During the height of deportations to the camp, up to 6,000 Jews were gassed there each day.
Jews in Nazi-occupied lands often were first deported to transit camps such as Westerbork in the Netherlands, or Drancy in France, en route to the killing centers in occupied Poland. The transit camps were usually the last stop before deportation to a killing center.
Millions of people were imprisoned and abused in the various types of Nazi camps. Under SS management, the Germans and their collaborators murdered more than three million Jews in the killing centers alone. Only a small fraction of those imprisoned in Nazi camps survived.
Just a few of the many concentration camps are listed below.
Camp | Locale | Type | Usage | Closure | Present |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poland | Annihilation Forced Labortext | Apr 1940 Jan 1945 | Liberation (USSR) | Preserved (Museum) | |
Poland | Annihilation | Mar 1942 Jun 1943 | Closeout | Monument | |
Germany | Holding Center | Apr 1943 Apr 1945 | Liberation (UK) | Graveyard | |
Germany | Forced Labor | Jul 1937 Apr 1945 | Liberation (USA) | Preserved (Museum) | |
Poland | Annihilation | Dec 1944 Apr 1943 Apr 1944 Jan 1945 | Closeout | Monument | |
Germany | Forced Labor | Mar1933 Apr 1945 | Liberation (USA) | Preserved (Museum) | |
Germany | Forced Labor | Sep 1943 Apr 1945 | Liberation (USA) | Memorial Sculpture | |
Germany | Forced Labor | May 1938 Apr 1945 | Liberation (USA) | Monument | |
Gross- Rosen | Poland | Forced Labor | Aug 1940 Feb 1945 | Liberation (USSR) | Preserved (Museum) |
Ukraine | Annihilation Forced Labor | Sep 1941 Nov 1943 | Closeout | Not Maintained | |
Latvia | Forced Labor | Mar 1943 Sep 1944 | Closeout | Not Maintained | |
Poland | Annihilation | Jul 1941 Jul 1944 | Liberation (USSR) | Preserved (Museum) | |
Austria | Forced Lavor | Aug 1938 May1945 | Liberation (USA) | Monument | |
France | Forced Lavor | May 1941 Sep 1944 | Closeout | Preserved | |
Germany | Forced Labor | Jun 1940 May 1945 | Liberation (UK) | Monument (Prison) | |
Germany | Holding Center | Mar 1933 Mar 1935 | Destroyed | Not Maintained | |
Poland | Forced Labor | Dec 1942 Jan 1945 | Closeout | Not Maintained | |
Germany | Forced Labor | May 1939 Apr 1945 | Liberation (USSR) | Monument | |
Germany | Forced Labor | Jul 1936 Apr 1945 | Liberation (USSR) | Preserved (Museum) | |
Poland | Annihilation | May 1942 Oct 1943 | Closeout | Monument | |
Poland | Forced Labor | Sep 1939 May 1945 | Liberation (USSR) | Preserved (Museum) | |
Czed Republic | Holding Center/ Transit | Nov 1941 May 1945 | Liberation (USSR) | Monument | |
Poland | Annihilation | Jul 1942 Nov 1943 | Closeout | Monument | |
Nether- lands | Transit | Oct 1939 Nov 1943 | Liberation (Canada) | Monument |